The impact of individualism on the efficiency of epidemic control and the underlying computational and psychological mechanisms

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global health crisis, and some countries experience difficulties in controlling the infection and mortality of COVID-19. Based on previous findings, we argue that individualistic cultural values are not conducive to the control of the epidemic. The results of the cross-cultural analysis showed that the individualistic cultural values positively predicted the number of deaths, deaths per million, and mortality of COVID-19, and the independent self-construct negatively predicted the efficiency of epidemic control in the early phase. The evolutionary game model and cross-cultural experiment further suggested that individualistic culture reduced the efficiency of overall epidemic control by enhancing individuals' fear of death in the context of the epidemic and increased individuals' tendency to violate epidemic control. Our results support the natural-behavioral-cultural co-evolution model, suggesting the impact of culture on the control of virus transmission and deaths during COVID-19, and provide an important scientific reference for countries to respond to global public health crises. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Barriers to health care services among US-based undocumented Latinx immigrants within the sociopolitical climate under the Trump administration: A comparative analysis between client experiences and provider perceptions

As President Biden's administration works towards a 'fair and humane' immigration overhaul, it becomes critical to examine the implications of immigration policies/laws under the Trump administration on the well-being of undocumented residents to inform equitable reformations. We investigate challenges faced by undocumented Latinx immigrants in accessing health care services in the sociopolitical climate under the Trump administration. This study, which follows a similar study among frontline service providers, presents key findings from 23 in-depth interviews with Latinx individuals. Understanding their experiences is necessary to advance access to health-promoting services and uphold the human right to health. Our study participants' narratives document multiple barriers to health care services, many notably exacerbated by increasingly restrictive immigration policies/laws and heightened punitive interior enforcement practices under the Trump administration. As the nation awaits equitable immigration reform, health care organizations should immediately incorporate, amplify, or alter programs/practices to facilitate access among their undocumented clients. Focused organizational changes have the potential to reduce unmet health needs, minimize financial burdens for families, and curtail potential public health threats, the latter a particularly imperative goal within the current COVID-19 pandemic. We also distill conclusions drawn from our interviews with clients and their convergence with and divergence from conclusions drawn from our related research with providers. While providers recognize the negative impact of sociopolitical factors on their clients' access to health care services, client experiences illuminate potential gaps in their understanding. Bridging understanding between providers and clients can improve access, utilization, and retention in health care services.Copyright © 2022 The Authors

Human Resources for Pediatric Health Care of Ukraine.

Introduction. The quality and availability of medical care for children of country depends on the quantity of pediatricians and the quality of their training. This is especially important in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Purpose. To assess the state of staffing and training of pediatricians in healthcare institutions of Ukraine in comparison with same world and European indicators and determine the necessary measures for improvement. Materials and methods. For this research we have used methods of the system approach and epidemiological analysis of data from GU "Center of medical statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine" for eleven years (2009-2020). Results. According to the level of training of doctors, including pediatricians, Ukraine has reached total rank of 38th in the European region. Such dynamics of changes in the availability of human resources for healthcare is accompanied by reductions in the volume of training of pediatricians since 2017. According to the Center for Medical Statistics from 31.12.2020 the Ministry of Health of Ukraine provided medical care in pediatric health care institutions of all forms of ownership with the help of 8812 pediatricians, of whom 7925 (90%) were worked in primary health care centers, clinics and hospitals of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. This numbers are significantly lower than in 2009, when there were 12 450 practicing pediatricians. As we see, the number of pediatricians has decreased by 15.4% for the last 7 years. Conclusion. Importance of the problems with personnel in pediatric healthcare had shown us a necessity of radical government management decisions for improvement of the situation with the training of pediatricians and preventing of risks of limitations of access to pediatric medical assistance and deterioration of quality of medical care for children in the country. This might be possible with rational planning of the state necessity in the training of pediatricians and significant improvement of their social protection and working conditions. Possible steps should include increasing pediatrics necessity state order up to 1000 pediatricians in state medical universities annually by targeted regional medical personnel necessity order, taking into account the needs of the regions and reviewing their training programs in accordance with the modern requirements.Copyright © 2022, Professionalnye Izdaniya. All rights reserved.

Human Resources for Pediatric Health Care of Ukraine.

Introduction. The quality and availability of medical care for children of country depends on the quantity of pediatricians and the quality of their training. This is especially important in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Purpose. To assess the state of staffing and training of pediatricians in healthcare institutions of Ukraine in comparison with same world and European indicators and determine the necessary measures for improvement. Materials and methods. For this research we have used methods of the system approach and epidemiological analysis of data from GU "Center of medical statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine" for eleven years (2009-2020). Results. According to the level of training of doctors, including pediatricians, Ukraine has reached total rank of 38th in the European region. Such dynamics of changes in the availability of human resources for healthcare is accompanied by reductions in the volume of training of pediatricians since 2017. According to the Center for Medical Statistics from 31.12.2020 the Ministry of Health of Ukraine provided medical care in pediatric health care institutions of all forms of ownership with the help of 8812 pediatricians, of whom 7925 (90%) were worked in primary health care centers, clinics and hospitals of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. This numbers are significantly lower than in 2009, when there were 12 450 practicing pediatricians. As we see, the number of pediatricians has decreased by 15.4% for the last 7 years. Conclusion. Importance of the problems with personnel in pediatric healthcare had shown us a necessity of radical government management decisions for improvement of the situation with the training of pediatricians and preventing of risks of limitations of access to pediatric medical assistance and deterioration of quality of medical care for children in the country. This might be possible with rational planning of the state necessity in the training of pediatricians and significant improvement of their social protection and working conditions. Possible steps should include increasing pediatrics necessity state order up to 1000 pediatricians in state medical universities annually by targeted regional medical personnel necessity order, taking into account the needs of the regions and reviewing their training programs in accordance with the modern requirements.Copyright © 2022, Professionalnye Izdaniya. All rights reserved.

Telemedicine Management in Public Health Education at Bitung City Health Office

Objective:This study seeks to examine the planning, implementation, and assessment of Telemedicine Services in Public HealthEducation in the city of Bitung. Method(s): This study is qualitative in nature. This research was conducted at the Bitung City Health Office. This study's data source comprises of two types of sources: primary and secondary data sources. Result(s):The results indicated that the Planning of Telemedicine Services in Public Health Education in Bitung City begins with the preparation of human resources, including both resource individuals (Medical/Paramedic) and IT personnel, facilities, infrastructure, and equipment. In addition to developing health materials that will be distributed to the community, planning includes the creation of budget postings that will be utilized in telemedicine services. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the installation of telemedicine services in the form of teleconsultation went smoothly in the city of Bitung via the PSC 119 hotline number, which grew in popularity. In addition, the Bitung Digital Medical application includes a telemedicine service. In addition to utilizing existing social media such as websites, Facebook, and Instagram, the delivery of products and healthcare services also makes use of these platforms. Conclusion(s): The planning of telemedicine services as a health education attempt at the Bitung City Health Office has been carried out well, but the implementation is still not well programmed, as well as the evaluation which has not been comprehensive. The implementation of good telemedicine management can improve public health education. Hence, cross-sectoral cooperation is needed such as cooperation with the information and telecommunications service, education office and other sectors and there is a need for government regulations that can regulate the mechanism of this telemedicine service so that this telemedicine service can improve public health education.Copyright © 2023, Anka Publishers. All rights reserved.

Issues of Construction Industry Amidst the Pandemic

Construction industry takes an integral part in the economy of any country. It underwent a plethora of various changes throughout its history: from the improvement of building materials to the upgrading of building regulations. Construction sector of Russian economy is not immune to changes as well. For instance, sanctions imposed on Russia in 2014 caused some complications in the construction sphere. Building companies had to deal with problems occurred in logistics, in particular with the supply of building materials. This situation allowed looking from a different angle at the necessity for constituent entities of Russia and the countries of the Eurasian Customs Union to be replaceable. However, the obstacles entailed by sanctions have not broadly affected the process of construction, which includes acquisition of a land parcel, engineering survey, architectural and engineering design work, expert assessments, procurement of a building license, the process of construction itself, and commissioning. Today's reality compels us not only to develop the construction industry or keep jobs, but also make the results of construction process as much benefiting for people as possible in the midst of COVID-19 pandemic. The authors attempted to find and disclose some problems of the construction industry of Russia in contemporary reality. The paper indicates the tendency of complex and sustainable development of territories in the Russian Federation. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Canada's Cannabis Legalization with Strict Public Health Control Lessons for Germany?

Aims: To describe the impact of the legalization of cannabis for recreational use under strict public health control in 2018 on the following outcomes: cannabis use and use patterns, attributable harm, economic considerations. Methodology: Narrative review based on government documents, surveys, and published literature. Result(s): The 12-month prevalence increased after legalization and has decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Little change in prevalence for adolescents. Persons with daily use remained stable. No rigorous studies on changes in attributable health harm, but some indication that harm, as measured in prevalence of cannabis use disorders, treatment rate, and attributable traffic injury remained stable. No data yet available for cancer. Cannabis attributable emergency visits increased, including among children (poisoning). Cannabis-related offences decreased as biggest public health gain. Economic predictions were not realized, and there is some pressure from cannabis industry to loosen public health regulations in order to increase use. Conclusion(s): Overall, while not achieving its main objectives of more youth protection and decreases in cannabis-attributable health harm, legalization with strict public health control resulted in less cannabis-related offences and up to now did not seem to increase cannabis-attributable disease burden.Copyright © 2023 Hogrefe Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. All rights reserved.

Attitudes of Physicians and Individuals Toward Digital Mental Health Tools: Protocol for a Web-Based Survey Research Project.

BACKGROUND: Digital transformation is impacting health care delivery. Great market dynamism is bringing opportunities and concerns alike into public discussion. Digital health apps are a vibrant segment where regulation is emerging, with Germany paving the way with its DiGA (Digitale Gesundheitsanwendungen, in German, meaning digital health apps) program. Simultaneously, mental ill-health constitutes a global health concern, and prevalence is expected to worsen due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its containment measures. Portugal and its National Health System may be a useful testbed for digital health interventions. OBJECTIVE: The paper outlines the protocol for a research project on the attitudes of physicians and potential users toward digital mental health apps to improve access to care, patient outcomes, and reduce the burden of disease of mental ill-health. METHODS: Web surveys will be conducted to acquire data from the main stakeholders (physicians and the academic community). Data analysis will replicate the statistical analysis performed in the studies from Dahlhausen and Borghouts to derive conclusions regarding the relative acceptance and likelihood of successful implementation of digital mental health apps in Portugal. RESULTS: The findings of the proposed studies will elicit important information on how physicians and individuals perceive digital mental health app interventions to improve access to care, patient outcomes, and reduce the burden of disease of mental ill-health. Data collection ran between September 26 and November 6, 2022, for the first study and September 20 and October 20, 2022, for the second study. We obtained 160 responses to the first study's survey and 539 answers to the second study's survey. Data analysis is concluded, and both studies' results are expected to be published in 2023. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the studies projected in this research protocol will have implications for researchers and academia, industry, and policy makers concerning the adoption and implementation of digital health mental apps and associated interventions. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/41040.

Partnerships supporting policies: A social marketing case study of mask supply solutions in South Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: South Korea was one of the first countries to experience a large outbreak of COVID-19. Early on, public health authorities recommended mask wearing as one of the main preventive measures against the virus. Compared to people in other countries, most South Koreans were willing to follow this recommendation. However, during the early stages of the pandemic, panic buying and vendor hoarding led to a nationwide mask shortage. The problem that needed to be solved was not to change the public's behavior but rather to make masks more available to them. Case description: To stabilize mask supply and demand, the South Korean government implemented a distribution system that limited mask purchases to two per person per week, in a 5-day rotation determined by birth year. The places designated for selling masks included pharmacies, post offices, and marts that had access to data about registered South Korea residents who had and had not bought their allotted masks. Despite this system, supply problems persisted. In different regions of the country, population density and demand varied, and some pharmacies sold out their stocks of masks earlier than others. Recognizing that people needed a more effective system for finding masks, the government made mask inventory data available to companies and the general public. Three weeks later, about 200 mask apps and web services had been launched. Supplies of masks quickly stabilized, and people could more easily find and buy them. In addition, pharmacies were able to sell out their stocks of masks more efficiently. Conclusion: The South Korean case of mask demand and distribution during COVID-19 illustrates how all six of the social marketing components (policy, supplemented by products, price, place, promotion, and partnerships) need to be coordinated for effective mitigation of infectious disease. In particular, this case highlights the importance of public-private partnerships among the government, production companies, retailers, and members of the general public.

Virtual Services During Covid-19 Using Social Media of Minister of Public Health

This study aims to examine the role of social media in filtering the spread of COVID-19 information. Covid-19 information is crowdsourcing Information. Anxiety caused by social media information must be addressed through explicit government regulations on handling COVID-19. As a result, governments must understand the emotions and sentiments conveyed on social media. Based on this point of view, this study examines the role of the government in responding to health information from social media through the ministry of health. This study uses a qualitative exploration method with the NvivoPlus12 tool in processing Ministry of Health data in providing health education, covid-19 information, and policy responses to COVID-19. This analysis shows that the ministry of health functions based on the type of information presented through official accounts, first, as a means of socialization. Second, providing real-time information as a medium for public information. Third, the Ministry of Health cooperates with other ministries to encourage policies, especially the handling of COVID-19. This finding is in line with the United Nations 2020 research that virtual services can be realized by using social media to build services and convey Information;In addition, this function makes it easier to know the community's response so that policies and management of COVID-19 run smoothly. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Managing 4 (Four) Major Offshore Projects Amid COVID 19 Pandemic - A Case Study from Health & Safety (H&S) and Quarantine Management

For an upstream oil and gas company, avoiding an offshore COVID-19 outbreak while executing four different offshore projects poses a huge challenge, particularly in a country experiencing a daily COVID-19 test positivity rate over 20%. Even minor mismanagement of the quarantine process can lead to an offshore COVID-19 outbreak, with the risk of shutting down campaigns and severely impacting business objectives. The challenge is therefore to avoid an offshore COVID-19 outbreak, ensuring well-being of personnel during the quarantine period and managing quarantine related costs, including COVID-19 test costs. To ensure effective quarantine management, a new approach was created that applied a combination of medical assessments, Health & Safety (H&S) and security measures. Quarantine management was led by a special task force responsible for ensuring the readiness of transportations, rooms, PCR tests, as well as overall compliance to quarantine rules. In compliance with government regulations and WHO recommendations, another complimentary approach was applied that sequestered personnel who tested positive in an isolation room. Effective quarantine management was established with the assistance of the company Business Continuity Management Team (BCMT). The company was able to complete four different major offshore projects with no offshore COVID-19 outbreaks. During these operations, over 1,000 personnel were quarantined and tested with a 5.37% positivity rate at the pre-work quarantine site. Confirmed cases were managed in full compliance with government regulations. The result of this effective quarantine management system, has allowed the company to achieve scorecard performance goals while delivering all four of the major offshore work-scopes, as per the original business plan. This paper discusses quarantine management as part of business continuity management covering medical assessment, H&S and security measures amidst a national COVID-19 pandemic. These programs were applied in an adaptive method-based risk assessment, which based on evidence base approaches, during frequently changing government regulations. Copyright © 2022, Society of Petroleum Engineers.

Drivers of e-government use during the COVID-19 pandemic: the case of Vietnam

Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted various systems that drove people to adapt to certain technologies, such as electronic government services, for daily survival and to meet social distancing requirements. Therefore, this study aims to determine the antecedents of e-government use based on prospect theory and modified unified theory of acceptance use of technology (UTAUT) during a pandemic. Design/methodology/approach Convenience sampling of 368 respondents from Vietnam was conducted, and questionnaires were distributed personally or by email. The data were analyzed following a two-stage structural equation modeling (SEM) using SPSS v23 and AMOS v23. The validity and reliability of the instrument were tested and ensured. Findings Results show that perceived severity drives government support and social influence while perceived security drives government support, social influence and trust. Social influence enhances government support and trust, which both drives e-government use. Mediation analysis shows that government support mediates perceived the influence of perceived severity on e-government use. Practical implications The integration of prospect theory and UTAUT brings into light what will drive the adoption of e-government in the context of Vietnam. Supporting mechanisms, such as security measures, trust-building, government support and social influence, will drive citizens to adapt to technologies provided by the government but would also rely on the perceived risks and benefits. Originality/value This study integrates prospect theory and a modified version of UTAUT to explain the drivers of e-government use. The results reveal that under uncertainties, government support is critical in driving the use of e-government for people to manage the daily lives for survival.

Seroconversion following first and second dose of COVID-19 vaccination among cancer patients: A prospective longitudinal observational study from India on the effectiveness of COVID vaccines

Background: Cancer patients are at high risk of infections and vaccination against SARS CoV-2 virus is essential to reduce the risk of COVID-19 and its complications. Different types of vaccines against SARS CoV-2 have been developed at record speed, followed by emerging efficacy studies of these vaccines. Our aim is to assess the efficacy of these vaccines in Indian cancer patients, along with factors such as intervals between doses impacting a robust immune response. Methods: A longitudinal observational study was done to evaluate the seroconversion post one and/or two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Covishield) and BBV152 (Covaxin) vaccine in adult cancer patients. Patients received 0.5 ml of vaccine 4 - 12 weeks apart based on existing Government regulations. A minimum gap of four weeks post vaccination for sample collection was followed. Samples were collected during patient follow up or treatment schedules. The control group comprised of healthy volunteers. Our primary endpoint was to assess seroconversion rates to SARS COV-2 spike protein after first and/or second dose. Our secondary endpoint was to explore the factors influencing seroconversion and to compare the two available vaccines in India, Covishield and Covaxin. Results: Between May 1, 2021 and January 16, 2022, antibody levels were measured in 219 patients after second dose and 56 patients after each dose. The mean age was 57.6+12.2 years (24-85 years) with 52% above 60 years age, and 68% being women. Most common cancer was breast (39.3%) followed by GIT (17.4%), while 44% had metastatic disease. Overall, 54.3% had not received any systemic therapy in the past 6 months, while 22.4% had received chemotherapy and 14.2% had received biologics. Three fourth of the patients had received Covishield and the rest Covaxin. Amongst the 56 patients who had antibody testing after both doses, seroconversion after first and second dose were 85.7% and 96.4% respectively. Higher seroconversion was seen in younger age group, treated with biologics without chemotherapy. In 219 patients, post second dose, seroconversion was marginally higher in women compared to men (96.6% vs 91.4%), on biologics (96.8%) when compared to patients taking chemotherapy (89.8 %), although not statistically significant. Overall patients on Covishield vaccine showed higher seroconversion, compared to Covaxin (P = 0.002) (OR- 5.9). Timing of antibody sample had no effect on seroconversion. Conclusions: Both Covishield and Covaxin are immunogenic in cancer patients. Seroconverison after first and second doses were 85.7% and 96.4%with higher rates amongst patients on biologics compared to chemotherapy. We are hoping to continue our study longitudinally to further explore factors impacting efficacy amongst these two vaccines.

PUBLIC VIEWS DURING THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC: A UK BASED MIXED METHOD STUDY

Introduction: The coronavirus pandemic presents the greatest challenge to public health in living memory. To slow the spread of the virus the UK initiated periods of strict social distancing, or lockdown. The ongoing social and psychological impacts of the pandemic and lockdowns are still under investigation. We aimed to explore longitudinally the attitudes and behaviors of members of the UK public from the start of UK lockdowns in March, 2020. We focused on mental health, adherence to health behaviours and government regulations, perceptions of vaccinations, and impact on Black, Asian, Minority Ethnic (BAME) participants. Method: Focus groups (2-8 people, 60 min) and surveys were conducted with 57 UK residents from March 23, 2020 to the present at 5 different timepoints that captured lockdowns and firebreaks (93% retention). Participants were 51% Female, mean age 37.1 (Range: 20-60), 72% White, 5% Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups, 16% Asian or Asian British, and 7% Black, African, Caribbean or Black British. Surveys included the Patient Health Questionnaire - Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms (PHQ-SADS), the Capabilities, Opportunities, Motivations and Behaviours questionnaire (COM-B), and coronavirus specific questions such as vaccination intention. Qualitative results: The central theme was that of loss;'practical losses' e.g. income and 'psychological losses' e.g. motivation. Loss improved, but uncertainty and anticipatory anxiety continued across timepoints. Reported mental health issues improved over Summer 2020 and worsened in Nov 2020. Alert fatigue and learned helplessness emerged as the main themes at that time and marginalization by BAME participants. Behavioural adherence and vaccination uptake focused around perception of risk and community vs individual responsibility. Quantitative results: Data will be analysed following the current wave of data collection (Nov-Dec 2021) and will presented in March, 2022. Conclusion: Mental health fluctuated with the ability to socially connect with others outside of the household. Feelings of loss improved over time. Alert fatigue and general mistrust in government increased as did learned helplessness resulting in a loss of motivation. Results have had a significant policy and media impact in the UK and resulted in several publications to date.

A STUDY OF THE ORDER OF IMPLEMENTING TEMPORARY GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF COMMODITY PRICES IN THE EAEU: A VIEW FROM THE POSITIONS OF QUALITY

The purpose of this paper is to study and reconsider the order of implementing temporary government regulation of commodity prices in the EAEU from the positions of quality and to develop recommendations for improving this order for the comprehensive fight against poverty and support for the middle class amid economic crises. This paper is based on the scientific provisions of the systems approach. The authors perform economic and mathematical modelling of the influence of implementing temporary government regulation of commodity prices on their quality in the EAEU based on the method of regression analysis. For the qualitative research of the practical experience of implementing temporary government regulation of commodity prices in the EAEU amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the method of case study is used. The scientific novelty of this paper consists in the fact that it is for the first time that the order of implementing temporary government regulation of commodity prices in the EAEU is treated from the positions of quality. The originality of this paper consists in the systemic view at the quality of life and the well-balanced consideration - during the determination of its level - of not only the inflation factor (price affordability of commodities) but also the factor of quality of commodities (level of satisfying population’s needs during consumption of goods) © 2022. International Journal for Quality Research.All Rights Reserved.

Current Status and Challenges of the Dissemination of Telemedicine in Japan After the Start of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: The use of telemedicine is expanding worldwide in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and deregulation is occurring even in countries with strict regulations, such as Japan. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of the activities and initiatives undertaken by the government and professional organizations to promote the use of telemedicine in Japan from January 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic began, to September 2021. Results: In Japan, where before the pandemic the spread of telemedicine had been limited, various recommendations and deregulations have now been made, resulting in the expanded use of telemedicine. In particular, the government's overall policy direction has become a catalyst for deregulation. Conclusions: With the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine is now moving toward widespread use. However, further activities and initiatives, including policy changes such as reimbursement and the establishment of evidence to show the effectiveness of telemedicine in Japan, are needed to properly disseminate telemedicine.

Licensure and citations among nail salons in Michigan from 2017 to 2021: A cross-sectional study of an overlooked and vulnerable industry.

Background: Nail salon workers (NSW) in the United States (U.S.) are predominantly immigrant women who face a number of occupational hazards, such as biological, ergonomic, and chronic chemical exposures. Additionally, there are challenges to keeping up with the latest practices in this evolving small business industry. Licensure requirements are intended to keep not only consumers but also workers safe, however licensure requirements vary between states creating little skill, education, and occupational health and safety knowledge and practice consistency among the nail salon workforce. The current state of nail salons and licensure of workers in the State of Michigan-an overlooked state and region (Midwest) in NSW research-was determined to better characterize this workforce. Methods: A Freedom of Information Act request was submitted to the Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs regarding nail salon establishments and their workers, formally termed manicurists, and citation data for breaches. Data were provided on the number of licensed cosmetologists and cosmetology businesses from January 2017 to March 2021. From there, the total number of licensed manicurists was determined, and the cosmetology establishment list was analyzed to see if the businesses exclusively or predominantly provided nail services. Results: As of Mach 2021, there were 1372 nail salons that exclusively provided nail services and over 12,000 licensed manicurists. Over half of the disciplinary actions cited were for salons not officially licensed. Michigan has reduced licensure requirements compared to other states and no continuing education (CE) requirements for license renewals. Conclusion: There is a need for industry educational and training standardization, across the nation, as well as heightened licensure requirements for these vulnerable workers. CE not only keeps workers abreast of the latest practices in the industry, but also provides them the skills and knowledge to enhance their worker health, safety, and wellbeing.